Hummingbird of Ur

Hummingbird Ltd.

The Network File System (NFS) version 4 is a distributed filesystem protocol which owes heritage to NFS protocol version 2, RFC 1094, and version 3, RFC 1813. Unlike earlier versions, the NFS version 4 protocol supports traditional file access while integrating support for file locking and the mount protocol. In addition, support for strong security (and its negotiation), compound operations, c...

Hummingbird flight

Hummingbirds are very distinctive in their form and behavior, the evolution of which is tightly connected to the evolution of their primary source of energy - floral nectar. About forty million years ago, the practical use of this dense fuel, available only in widely-dispersed, insect-sized aliquots - it was originally intended for insect pollinators - presented a severe test to the avian baupl...

Cryptanalysis of Hummingbird-2

Abstract: Hummingbird is a lightweight encryption and message authentication primitive published in RISC’09 and WLC’10. In FSE’11, Markku-Juhani O.Saarinen presented a differential divide-and-conquer method which has complexity upper bounded by 2 operations and requires processing of few megabytes of chosen messages under two related nonces (IVs). The improved version, Hummingbird-2, was presen...

Cryptanalysis of Hummingbird-1

Hummingbird-1 is a lightweight encryption and message authentication primitive published in RISC ’09 and WLC ’10. Hummingbird-1 utilizes a 256-bit secret key and a 64-bit IV. We report a chosen-IV, chosenmessage attack that can recover the full secret key with a few million chosen messages processed under two related IVs. The attack requires at most 2 off-line computational effort. The attack h...

The Aerodynamics of Hummingbird Flight